Effect of esketamine on postpartum depression after labor analgesia and potential mechanisms: a randomized, double-blinded controlled trial

Background To evaluate the effect of esketamine combined with ropivacaine hydrochloride on the occurrence of postpartum depression (PPD) after labor analgesia under epidural analgesia pump and explore the possible mechanisms. Methods A total of 120 women aged 24 to 36 years old who underwent labor analgesia by epidural analgesia pump, with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status II were enrolled. According to the formula of epidural analgesia pump, all participants were randomly divided into two groups: esketamine group (Group E) and control group (Group C). Epidural anaesthesia were operated in all women between L 2 and L 3 after cervical dilation up to 2 ~ 3 cm. After successful puncture, the epidural catheter was placed 3.5 cm toward the head and 1% lidocaine was injected for 3 ml. The epidural analgesia pump was connected. Esketamine (0.2 mg/kg) combined with 0.75% ropivacaine hydrochloride (20 ml) were diluted by normal saline up to 100 ml in Group E, when only the equal dose of ropivacaine hydrochloride was used in Group C. The visual analogue scale (VAS) before analgesia (T 1 ), 5 (T 2 ), 10 (T 3 ) and 20 (T 4 ) minutes after analgesia were measured. The duration of the first and second stage of labor, the Apgar score of fetus at delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, consumption of esketamine and ropivacaine were recorded. The incidence of PPD was recorded at 1 week and 6 weeks after delivering. The occurrence of side effects such as nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and nightmares were also recorded for 48 h after delivering. The levels of leptin, norepinephrine(NE), and epinephrine(E) in the peripheral venous blood were measured before labor analgesia and at 24 h, 1 week, and 6 weeks after delivering. Results Compared with Group C, the VAS score at T 2 , T 3 and T 4 were significantly lower in Group E ( P < 0.01). Compared with Group C, the incidence of PPD was significantly lower at 1 week and 6 weeks after delivering in Group E ( P < 0.01). Compared with Group C, the levels of leptin were significantly higher at 24 h and 1 week after delivering in Group E ( P < 0.01), while NE and E ( P < 0.01) were lower at the same time ( P < 0.01). There were no significant difference of the duration of the first and second stage of labor, the Apgar score of fetus at delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, consumption of ropivacaine and the side effects for 48 h after delivering between the two groups. Conclusion Esketamine combined with ropivacaine hydrochloride used in labor analgesia can significantly reduce the incidence of postpartum depression after delivering without increasing related side effects, which may be related to the regulation of leptin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in the serum. Trial registration The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 30/05/2022 (CTRI registration number—ChiCTR2200060387). URL of registry: https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/home .