Some lesser-known facts on the early history of syphilis in Europe.

At the end of the 15th century, an epidemic outbreak occurred in Europe for which the cause was previously unknown. Clinical findings included numerous ulcerations and condylomas as well as disorders of the cardiovascular and neurologic systems. The disease, which had many names at the time and killed about 5 million people, is referred to as syphilis in today's medical terminology. The epidemiology of syphilis is complex and represents an important issue, not only historically but also scientifically, in the development of medicine. Several theories emerged about the origin of this disease, including pre-Columbian and Columbian ones. This contribution aims to present the history of the origin of syphilis, with particular emphasis on the first reports of the disease in Poland.