Mitogenome evolution in Trichoderma afroharzianum strains: for a better understanding of distinguishing genus.

Trichoderma afroharzianum (Hypocreales) is known as an important mycoparasite and biocontrol fungus and feeds on fungal material by parasitizing other fungi. Recent studies indicate that this species is also an ear rot pathogen in Europe. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome of three T. afroharzianum strains was sequenced using next-generation sequencing and comparatively characterized by the reported Trichoderma mitogenomes. T. afroharzianum mitogenomes were varying between 29 511 bp and 29 517 bp in length, with an average A + T content of 72.32%. These mitogenomes contain 14 core protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, one gene encoding the ribosomal protein S3, and three or four genes including conserved domains for the homing endonucleases (HEGs; GIY-YIG type and LAGLIDADG type). All PCGs are initiated by ATG codons, except for atp8, and all are terminated with TAA. A significant correlation was observed between nucleotide composition and codon preference. Four introns belonging to the group I intron class were predicted, accounting for about 14.54% of the size of the mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the positions of T. afroharzianum strains within the genus of Trichoderma and supported a sister group relationship between T. afroharzianum and T. simmonsii. The recovered trees also supported the monophyly of all included families and of the genus of Acremonium. The characterization of mitochondrial genome of T. afroharzianum contributes to the understanding of phylogeny and evolution of Hypocreales.