Synergistic horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and transposons in the infant gut microbial genome

Transposons, plasmids, bacteriophages, and other mobile genetic elements facilitate horizontal gene transfer in the gut microbiota, allowing some pathogenic bacteria to acquire antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Currently, the relationship between specific ARGs and specific transposons in the comprehensive infant gut microbiome has not been elucidated. In this study, ARGs and transposons were annotated from the Unified Human Gastrointestinal Genome (UHGG) and the Early-Life Gut Genomes (ELGG). Association rules mining was used to explore the association between specific ARGs and specific transposons in UHGG, and the robustness of the association rules was validated using the external database in ELGG. Our results suggested that ARGs and transposons were more likely to be relevant in infant gut microbiota compared to adult gut microbiota, and nine robust association rules were identified, among which Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter hormaechei_A, and Escherichia coli_D played important roles in this association phenomenon. The emphasis of this study is to investigate the synergistic transfer of specific ARGs and specific transposons in the infant gut microbiota, which can contribute to the study of microbial pathogenesis and the ARG dissemination dynamics.IMPORTANCEThe transfer of transposons carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among microorganisms accelerates antibiotic resistance dissemination among infant gut microbiota. Nonetheless, it is unclear what the relationship between specific ARGs and specific transposons within the infant gut microbiota. K. pneumoniae, E. hormaechei_A, and E. coli_D were identified as key players in the nine robust association rules we discovered. Meanwhile, we found that infant gut microorganisms were more susceptible to horizontal gene transfer events about specific ARGs and specific transposons than adult gut microorganisms. These discoveries could enhance the understanding of microbial pathogenesis and the ARG dissemination dynamics within the infant gut microbiota. The transfer of transposons carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among microorganisms accelerates antibiotic resistance dissemination among infant gut microbiota. Nonetheless, it is unclear what the relationship between specific ARGs and specific transposons within the infant gut microbiota. K. pneumoniae, E. hormaechei_A, and E. coli_D were identified as key players in the nine robust association rules we discovered. Meanwhile, we found that infant gut microorganisms were more susceptible to horizontal gene transfer events about specific ARGs and specific transposons than adult gut microorganisms. These discoveries could enhance the understanding of microbial pathogenesis and the ARG dissemination dynamics within the infant gut microbiota.