FeOOH with Low Spin State Iron as Electron Acceptors for High Yield Rate Electrosynthesis of Urea from Nitrate and Carbon Dioxide

Co electroreduction of carbon dioxide and nitrate to synthesize urea provides an alternative strategy to high energy-consumption traditional methods. However, the complexity of the reaction mechanism and the high energy barrier of nitrate reduction result in a diminished production of urea. Herein, a convenient electrodeposition technique to prepare the FeOOH with low spin state iron that increases the yield rate of urea efficiently is employed. According to soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, the unique configuration of low spin state iron as electron acceptors can effectively induce electron pair transfer from the occupied sigma orbitals of intermediate *NO to empty d orbitals of iron. This sigma -> d donation mechanism leads to a reduction in the energy barrier associated with the rate-determining step (*NOOH ->*NO + *OH), hence augmenting the urea generation. The low spin state iron presents a high urea yield rate of 512 mu g h-1 cm-2, representing approximately two times compared to the medium spin state iron. The key intermediates (*NH2 and *CO) in the formation of CN bond are detected with in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The coupling of *NH2 and *CO contributes to the formation of *CONH2, which subsequently endures multi-step proton-coupled electron transfer to generate urea. FeOOH with low spin state iron is employed as an electrocatalyst to generate urea. The low spin state iron in FeOOH features empty 3d orbits that are capable of accommodating lone pair electrons from the sigma bonding orbital of NO and facilitate the adsorption of NO, thereby resulting in a high urea yield rate up to 512 mu g h-1 cm-2.image