Ionic Liquid Modified Polymer Intermediate Layer for Improved Charge Extraction toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have been attracted much attention in recent years. Despite their high performances, the stability issue of perovskite-based devices is recognized as one of the key challenges to realize industrial application. When comes to the perovskite top subcell, the interface between perovskite and electron transporting layers (usually C60) significantly affects the device efficiency as well as the stability due to their poor adhesion. Here, different from the conventional interfacial passivation using metal fluorides, a hybrid intermediate layer is proposed-PMMA functionalized with ionic liquid (IL)-is introduced at the perovskite/C60 interface. The application of PMMA essentially improves the interfacial stability due to its strong hydrophobicity, while adding IL relieves the charge accumulation between PMMA and the perovskite. Thus, an optimal wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells achieves power conversion efficiency of 20.62%. These cells are further integrated as top subcells with silicon bottom cells in a monolithic tandem structure, presenting an optimized PCE up to 27.51%. More importantly, such monolithic perovskite/silicon cells exhibit superior stability by maintaining 90% of initial efficiency after 1200 h under continuous illumination. A hybrid intermediate layer using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) functionalized with ionic liquid (IL) is introduced into perovskite/C60 interface where PMMA reduces nonradiative recombination loss, and the introduction of IL additionally alleviates charge accumulation at the PMMA/perovskite interface by enhancing carrier extraction. Overall, as a result of the modification, the efficiency and stability of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are improved simultaneously.image