Geographical traceability of soybean: An electronic nose coupled with an effective deep learning method

The quality of soybeans is correlated with their geographical origin. It is a common phenomenon to replace lowquality soybeans from substandard origins with superior ones. This paper proposes the adaptive convolutional kernel channel attention network (AKCA-Net) combined with an electronic nose (e-nose) to achieve soybean quality traceability. First, the e-nose system is used to collect soybean gas information from different origins. Second, depending on the characteristics of the gas information, we propose the adaptive convolutional kernel channel attention (AKCA) module, which focuses on key gas channel features adaptively. Finally, the AKCA-Net is proposed, which is capable of modeling deep gas channel interdependency efficiently, realizing high-precision recognition of soybean quality. In comparative experiments with other attention mechanisms, AKCA-Net demonstrated superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 98.21%, precision of 98.57%, and recall of 98.60%. In conclusion, the combination of the AKCA-Net and e-nose provides an effective strategy for soybean quality traceability.