Integrated non-targeted metabolomics and network pharmacology to reveal the mechanisms of berberine in the long-term treatment of PTZ-induced epilepsy

Aims: The increasing resistance to anti-seizure medications (ASMs) and the ambiguous mechanisms of epilepsy highlight the pressing demand for the discovery of pioneering lead compounds. Berberine (BBR) has received significant attention in recent years within the field of chronic metabolic disorders. However, the reports on the treatment of epilepsy with BBR are not systematic and the mechanism remains unclear. Main methods: In this study, the seizure behaviors of mice were recorded following subcutaneous injection of pentetrazol (PTZ). Non-targeted metabolomics was used to analyze the serum metabolites based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Meanwhile, multivariate statistical methods were used for metabolite identification and pathway analysis. Furthermore, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and quantitative real-time PCR assay were used for the target identification. Key findings: BBR had anti-seizure effects on PTZ-induced seizure mice after long-term treatment. Tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism were involved in regulating the therapeutic effects of BBR. Significance: This study reveals the potential mechanism of BBR for epilepsy treatment based on non-targeted metabolomics and network pharmacology, which provides evidence for uncovering the pathogenesis of epilepsy, suggesting that BBR is a potential lead compound for anti-epileptic treatment.