Laser processing for electricity generators: Physics, methods and applications

Power generation by converting energy from the ambient environment using electric generators is a promising strategy for development of autonomous self-powered microelectronic devices. Laser-processing technologies with high precision, fast reaction speed, non-contact capability, and high maneuverability enable fast and simple fabrication of functional materials and devices, facilitating efficient energy harvesting and battery-free system applications. In this review, recent advances in laser-manufacturing of electric generators are comprehensively summarized. The basic mechanism of laser-material interactions and processing strategies for engineering generators including laser reduction, graphitization, ablation, sintering, and deposition are discussed. These processing techniques for harvesting different energy sources, including mechanical, water, solar, and thermal energy, are highlighted. Major applications of engineered electricity generators in sensing and self-powered electronics are discussed. Perspectives on remaining challenges and future directions for development of this emerging technology are presented.