Cell-free synthetic biology: Navigating the new frontiers of biomanufacturing and biological engineering

Cell-free synthetic biology is swiftly progressing and is poised to revolutionize multiple domains within synthetic biology. By departing from the constraints of living cells, it dramatically expands potential applications, surmounting the intrinsic limi-tations associated with cellular systems, especially where access to cytosolic conditions poses challenges. The open nature of cell-free systems means their potential applications are vast, limited only by creative imagination. A burgeoning number of studies underline its versatility across a broad spectrum of fields. This review article offers an insight into the recent advancements in this vibrant area, pinpointing key achievements and challenges in arenas such as bio-manufacturing, pathway prototyping, and material sciences.