Nanomaterials: A Double-edged Sword as Pollution Busters or Pollutants?

The implementation of novel technologies such as nanotechnology in combination with other approaches has been explored and investigated by researchers towards the elimination of pollutants from the environment. Therefore, their utilization in different methods of adsorption, detoxification and degradation has been widely studied and the outcomes have been exploited for scaling up to pilot and industrial levels in some countries. However, their direct and long-lasting influence on human beings and animals is another issue which needs to be better investigated. In this chapter, we discuss the implementation of different types of nanoparticles for the treatment of heavy metal, organic, and inorganic pollutants by using adsorption, disinfection, photocatalysis and membrane techniques. Finally, their abundance and side effects in the environment as well as human organs such as the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, brain, and ingestion system are thoroughly analyzed to highlight the need for precautions upon the utilization of nanomaterials in purification processes.