Divergent bacterial landscapes: Unraveling geographically driven dual microbiomes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence

Abstract Background Establishing microbiome signatures is now recognized as a critical step toward identifying genetic and environmental factors shaping animal-associated microbiomes and informing the health status of a given host. In the present work, we prospectively collected blood samples of the Atlantic cod population of the Southern Gulf of Saint Lawrence (GSL) and characterized their 16S rRNA circulating microbiome signature. Results Our results revealed that the blood microbiome signature was dominated at the phylum level by Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria , a typical signature for fish populations inhabiting the GSL and other marine ecosystems. At the genus level, however, we identified two distinct cod groups. While the microbiome signature of the first group was dominated by Pseudoalteromonas , a genus we previously found in the microbiome signature of Greenland and Atlantic halibut populations of the GSL, the second group had a microbiome signature dominated by Nitrobacter and Sediminibacterium . Cods harboring a Nitrobacter/Sediminibacterium -rich microbiome signature were localized in the most southern part of the GSL, just along the northern coast of Cape Breton Island. Atlantic cod microbiome signatures did not correlate with the weight, length, relative condition, depth, temperature, sex, and salinity, as previously observed in the halibut populations. Conclusions Our study provides, for the first time, a unique snapshot of the circulating microbiome signature of Atlantic cod populations and the existence of dysbiotic signatures associated with the geographical distribution of the population, probably linked with the presence of nitrite in the environment.