Anatomical variations of the great saphenous vein at the saphenofemoral junction. A cadaveric study and narrative review of the literature

The great saphenous vein is the lower limb's longest and thickest-walled superficial vein. Its anatomy is complex, while its anatomical variations are widespread. This study aimed to illustrate the anatomy and variations of the great saphenous vein at the saphenofemoral junction.The study was conducted on 75 fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limbs. Cadavers with evidence of prior leg surgery or trauma and any congenital abnormality or gross deformity were excluded. The saphenofemoral junction was studied in detail with emphasis on the number, incidence, draining pattern of tributaries, and duplication of the great saphenous vein.Out of the 75 cadaveric lower limbs, 57.3% were obtained from males, and 42.7% were obtained from females. The mean age of the cadaveric lower extremities was 66.6 years (range 42-91). The number of tributaries at the saphenofemoral junction varied from 0 to 7, with a mean of 3.8. The most frequent number of branches was 4-5 in 61.3% of cases. The most consistent tributary was the superficial external pudendal vein, while the posterior accessory great saphenous vein was the least frequent tributary. 80% of the branches drained into the saphenofemoral junction directly (53.3%) or by a common trunk (26.7%%). The most frequent common trunk was the superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac vein (10.7%). The rest 20% of the tributaries drained directly into the common femoral vein. The commonest branch reaching the common femoral vein was the superficial external pudendal vein (10.7%). Duplication of the great saphenous vein was observed in 2.7% of the cases.There is a significant variation of tributaries at the saphenofemoral junction regarding the number, incidence, draining pattern of branches, and duplication of the great saphenous vein.