Scale- and Variable-Dependent Localization for 3DEnVar Data Assimilation in the Rapid Refresh Forecast System

This study demonstrates the advantages of scale- and variable-dependent localization (SDL and VDL) on three-dimensional ensemble variational data assimilation of the hourly-updated high-resolution regional forecast system, the Rapid Refresh Forecast System (RRFS). SDL and VDL apply different localization radii for each spatial scale and variable, respectively, by extended control vectors. Single-observation assimilation tests and cycling experiments with RRFS indicated that SDL can enlarge the localization radius without increasing the sampling error caused by the small ensemble size and decreased associated imbalance of the analysis field, which was effective at decreasing the bias of temperature and humidity forecasts. Moreover, simultaneous assimilation of conventional and radar reflectivity data with VDL, where a smaller localization radius was applied only for hydrometeors and vertical wind, improved precipitation forecasts without introducing noisy analysis increments. Statistical verification showed that these impacts contributed to forecast error reduction, especially for low-level temperature and heavy precipitation.