Control of sexual differentiation: Applications in aquaculture

The control of sex determination is applied widely in aquaculture to take advantage of sexual dimorphic production traits, improve production efficiency, and for genetic containment. Sex differentiation in fish is labile, allowing for the manipulation of the sex of individuals primarily by treatment with exogenous endocrine factors or exposure to environments conducive to the expression of a specific sex. Artificial gynogenesis and androgenesis can also be used to obtain monosex progeny. In some cases, interspecies hybridization can yield skewed sex ratios.