Brain networks involved in deviance and novelty detection: Are they sensory modality specific?

We show the peripheral specificity of stimulus modality-dependent MMN sources but all including the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG); however, the left IFG in visual MMN compared to the right IFG in auditory. In-depth discussion of networks involved in cognition, with particular attention to the role of default mode network (DMN) and IFG with its many subdivisions, some of which take part in the DMN, others in the task-positive network. Involvement of the IFG in linguistic processing is evaluated. We investigate networks underlying prediction-error coding and illustrate the large variability in DCM-generated auditory MMN networks. Involvement of primary auditory cortex and superior temporal gyrus is uniform, the next stage typically includes either the right IFG or bilateral IFG. The IFG might also be replaced with the orbito-frontal cortex or may include anterior cingulate cortex and other areas. We also discuss the need to incorporate neural delays into predictive coding models.