Design and scale-up of photobioreactors

Design and scale-up is a crucial topic in process development of photobioreactor for algal cultivation and growth. Expanding microalgal cultivations from a label-scale unit to a commercial one is a challenge due to the difficulty in assessing the factors affecting the scale-up process during the cultivation. As a result, most large-scale cultivations give a lower yield than is expected in the laboratory. This chapter describes the recent developments on this aspect.