A Struggled Rupture Initiation of the M_w 6.1 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake

Abstract Understanding under which physical conditions large earthquakes begin, is a key question in Earth science. Laboratory experiments and numerical models have shown that earthquake nucleation has distinct phases: a quasi‐static and an acceleration stage, followed by dynamic propagation. However, obtaining observations of such or similar processes in nature is complex. Here, we report on the rupture initiation of the M w 6.1 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. From the detailed analysis of seismic waves recorded at several stations, we identify an ∼0.6‐s signal preceding the large dynamic rupture. From the geometrical characterization and rupture parameters of this initial phase, we infer that the rupture struggled to initiate exhibiting a slow rupture velocity ( km/s) and low seismic efficiency ( ) due to a complex environment in the region where the rupture starts. We also show that the parameters of the rupture initiation are representative of scale‐dependent quantities for slip‐dependent nucleation models.