Immigration delays but does not prevent adaptation following environmental change: experimental evidence

Abstract An important and pressing goal in conservation is to determine how to effectively manage populations experiencing environmental change. When populations begin to decline, extinction will occur unless populations can adapt in response to natural selection, a process called evolutionary rescue. Theory predicts that immigration can delay extinction and provide novel genetic material that may reduce inbreeding depression and facilitate adaptation. However, when potential source populations have not experienced the new environment before ( i.e., are naive), immigration can counteract selection and constrain adaptation. This study evaluated the effects of immigration of naive individuals on evolutionary rescue using the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model system. Small populations were exposed to a challenging environment, and three immigration rates (0, 1, or 5 migrants per generation) were implemented with migrants from a benign environment. Following an initial decline in population size across all treatments, populations receiving no immigration gained a positive growth rate one generation earlier than those with immigration, illustrating the constraining effects of immigration on adaptation. After seven generations, a reciprocal transplant experiment found evidence for local adaptation regardless of immigration rate. Thus, while the immigration of naive individuals briefly delayed adaptation, it did not increase extinction risk or prevent adaptation to severe and abrupt environmental change.