Ochratoxin A oral mycotoxin and honey dietary intake effects on TNF-α immunology response, lactic acid bacteria microbial louds, β-glucuronidase enzyme activity, some hematological and biochemical parameters on mice

The current study aimed to evaluate ochratoxin A oral mycotoxin and the dietary intake effects of four honey varieties ( Nigella sativa , moringa, sidr, and pumpkin–coded as NS, MO, SI, and PU respectively), on the TNF- α immunology response, lactic acid bacteria microbial louds ( Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria ), β -glucuronidase enzyme activity, some hematological and biochemical parameters of mice. MO Honey Group + OTA Infection had the highest value of TNF- α immunology response at 445.17 pg/mL. It was followed by PU Honey Group + OTA Infection at 360.88 pg/mL, while NS Honey Group + OTA Infection reported the lowest at 210.03 pg/mL. Honey dietary intake efficiently increased the colonic probiotic bacteria counts Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria , in the animal’s cecum from 0.93 in SI Honey Group + OTA Infection to 2.59 in MO Honey Group + OTA Infection and from 1.78 in PU Honey Group + OTA Infection to 3.22 in NS Honey Group + OTA Infection Log 10 CFU/g, respectively. The β -glucuronidases enzyme activity in the caecum contents of mice groups ranged from 0.31 μ mol/g in PU Honey Group + OTA Infection to 0.36 μ mol/g in SI Honey Group + OTA Infection. Positive and negative control mice groups reported 7.22 and 6.98 × 10 9 L −1 ; 8.09 and 8.44 × 10 12 L −1 for white blood cell and red blood cell counts, respectively. The mean glutathione concentrations were from 3.17 ng/g in MO Honey Group + OTA Infection, to 4.32 ng/g in SI Honey Group + OTA Infection. Catalase activities ranged from 0.99 u/gin MO Honey Group + OTA Infection to 1.08 u/g in the PU Honey Group + OTA Infection. Honey dietary intake decreased malondialdehyde concentrations in infected mice groups and ranged from 3.84 nmol/g in NS Honey Group + OTA Infection to 5.47 nmol/g in MO Honey Group + OTA Infection. NS Honey Group + OTA Infection reported the lowest values for alkaline phosphatase as 70.15 U L −1 , glucose as 6.12 mmol L −1 , and urea as 4.89 mmol L −1 . SI Honey Group + OTA Infection reported the highest values for AP as 75.52 U L −1 and urea as 5.78 mmol L −1 . PU Honey Group + OTA Infection reported the lowest value for ALT as 55.47 U L −1 and the highest value for glucose as 7.88 mmol L −1 .