Socioeconomic and Social Determinants of Health: Effects on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Care

There is increasing awareness on the significance of socioeconomic status, social determinants of health, and the role of ethnicity and race in clinical outcomes of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, to date, underrepresentation of minorities in pulmonary hypertension clinical trials and registries remains. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on race, ethnicity, traditional and novel socioeconomics and social determinants of health, and its association with clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. We present case examples on the interplay of these factors for specific disease phenotypes and discuss strategies for addressing these variables at the patient care level.