Maternal regulation of the vertebrate oocyte-to-egg transition

Abstract Maternally-loaded factors in the egg accumulate during oogenesis and are essential for the oocyte and egg to acquire developmental competence and ensure the production of viable embryos. The oocyte-to-egg transition consists of the regulation of multiple molecular processes both cytoplasmic and nuclear acting in the late oocyte during a process called oocyte maturation. However, the molecular nature and functional importance of factors acting at this stage remain poorly understood. Here, we present a collection of 5 recessive maternal-effect mutants identified in a zebrafish forward genetic screen that reveal unique molecular insights into the mechanisms controlling the vertebrate oviparous oocyte-to-egg transition. We identified critical cytoplasmic regulators of yolk globule formation and maturation that are essential for egg development and embryogenesis. Specifically, the maternal-effect genes, over easy , poached , p33bjta , and black caviar control yolk globule sizing and/or protein cleavage during oogenesis, likely through endolysosomal organization independent of nuclear oocyte maturation. Furthermore, we cloned one of the mutant genes, identifying a subunit of the Adaptor Protein complex 5, which regulates intracellular trafficking, and yolk vesicle formation. Together, these mutant genes represent novel genetic entry points to decipher the molecular mechanisms functioning in the oocyte-to-egg transition, fertility, and human disease. Additionally, our genetic screen provides valuable functional tools for exploring the evolutionary fates of maternal factors and their contribution to developmental strategies for reproductive success in metazoans. Author Summary The oocyte-to-egg transition consists of the coordinated regulation of multiple molecular processes acting in the late oocyte. This transcriptionally silent period requires the precisely timed function of maternally-supplied gene products during oogenesis. However, knowledge of their molecular nature and in vivo function remains incomplete. The mutants reported here provide access to maternal factors regulating the processes that prepare an oocyte for reproductive competence and embryogenesis. We have identified essential regulators of yolk granule formation and protein processing. Specifically, we found that the highly conserved maternal Ap5m1 protein regulates yolk granule maturation, which generate essential nutrients and immunity for growth and development in oviparous animals. The mutants presented here represent attractive genetic models to investigate the molecular and cell biological mechanisms that control the oocyte-to-egg transition, as well as reveal a collection of genetic factors indispensable for reproduction and survival. Importantly, knowledge of their genetic underpinnings and biological importance in reproduction will also pave the way to investigate the evolution of maternal genes during vertebrate development.