Chapter 16. Role of bilingualism in neurodegenerative disease I

Recent research shows bilingualism to be a reserve factor, delaying the onset of symptoms of dementia and slowing the rate at which cognitive decline progresses. This chapter explores how bilingualism may affect the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and why bilingual individuals are more resilient to the effects of Alzheimer’s pathology. The chapter starts with an overview of bilingualism, then leads into how bilingualism acts as a possible mechanism of cognitive reserve. We consider bilingual experience to be a factor of cognitive reserve from three perspectives: pathological symptoms, neuroimaging, and biomarkers. Collectively, bilingualism appears to be beneficial for delaying symptoms, slowing progression, and maintaining cognitive functioning in the face of Alzheimer’s disease. The chapter ends with conclusions based on the research to-date and outlines possible implications for future research.