Acceptability of Biospecimen Collection Among Sexual and/or Gender Minority Adults in the United States

Health studies using biospecimens have an underrepresentation of sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) participants, making it difficult to use data to advance SGM health knowledge. This study examined: 1) the willingness of SGM adults to provide research biospecimens, 2) if SGM groups differ in their willingness, 3) the relationship of demographic characteristics with willingness, and 4) the ideas/concerns of SGM adults toward providing research biospecimens. Data collected in 2018–2019 from The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality Study were analyzed. Regressions examined willingness to provide biospecimens (blood, buccal swab, hair, saliva, and urine) across SGM groups (cisgender sexual minority [SM] men, cisgender SM women, gender-expansive, transfeminine, and transmasculine adults; N = 4,982) and the relationship of demographics with a willingness to provide each biospecimen type. A thematic analysis of an open-ended item elucidated SGM adults’ (N = 776) perspective toward providing biospecimens. Most SGM adults were willing to provide biospecimens. Cisgender SM women were less willing to provide some types (blood 54% and urine 63%) than the other groups. Cisgender SM men were most willing to provide all types. Older age, identifying as pansexual, and income >$50,000/year were associated with increased odds of providing biospecimen(s). Gender identity was a significant predictor for all biospecimen types. A gender identity other than cisgender man was associated with 1.6–2.4× lower odds of providing biospecimen(s). Participants expressed concerns about data confidentiality and privacy, data access and misuse, research purposes, and inadvertent disclosure of SGM status. SGM adults’ concerns about donating biospecimens can be used to create an affirming and inclusive methodology.