Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals tumor heterogeneity within salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma: A preliminary study

Abstract Background Salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (SPA) is a common neoplasm of salivary glands that displays remarkable histological diversity. Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of gene rearrangements and cytoskeleton‐remodeling‐related myoepithelial cells in SPA tumorigenesis. Cytoskeleton remodeling is necessary for epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in tumor progression. However, the heterogeneity of tumor cells and cytoskeleton remodeling in SPA has not been extensively investigated. Methods An analysis of single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) was performed on 27 810 cells from two donors with SPA. Bioinformatic tools were used to assess differentially expressed genes, cell trajectories, and intercellular communications. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining were used to demonstrate FOXC1 and MYLK expression in SPA tissues. Results Our analysis revealed five distinct cell subtypes within the tumor cells of SPA, indicating a high level of intra‐lesional heterogeneity. Cytoskeleton‐remodeling‐related genes were highly enriched in subtype 3 of the tumor cells, which showed a close interaction with mesenchymal cells. We found that tumoral FOXC1 expression was closely related to MYLK expression in the tumor cells of SPA. Conclusion Tumor cells enriched with cytoskeleton‐remodeling‐related genes play a crucial role in SPA development, and FOXC1 may partially regulate this process.