Exploring Marine Algae-Derived Phycocyanin Nanoparticles as Safe and Effective Sunscreen Ingredients

Abstract UV radiation poses risks to human skin, including skin cancer. Synthetic chemical sunscreens that protect against UV radiation can have health and environmental concerns. Researchers are studying natural molecules that absorb UV light to find safer alternatives. Marine algae, with unique bioactive substances developed to survive extreme marine conditions, have gained attention as natural photoprotective agents. In this study, phycocyanin nanoparticles (PCNP) were fabricated and characterized using genipin as a crosslinker. PCNP showed a normal particle size distribution, with an average diameter of 175.2 nm. Both PC and PCNP exhibited excellent biocompatibility and did not harm cells. They also demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals. PCNP had enhanced UV radiation absorption, particularly in the UVB range, likely due to the synergistic effect between PC's internal capacity and the advantages of nanoparticles in the PCNP gel. The PCNP gel showed limited skin permeability, indicating its safety and suitability for topical application, making it a potential candidate as a safe and effective sunscreen ingredient.