Effects of genetic variation on the structure of biological macromolecules

Changes in the structure of biological macromolecules, such as RNA and protein, have an important impact on biological functions, and are even important determinants of disease pathogenesis and treatment. Some genetic variations, including copy number variation, single nucleotide variation, and so on, can lead to changes in biological function and increased susceptibility to certain diseases by changing the structure of biological macromolecules. Here, we reviewed the progress of research about the effects of genetic variation on the structure of macromolecules including RNAs and proteins, several typical methods and common tools, and the effect on several diseases. An online resource (http://www.onethird-lab.com/gems/) to support convenient retrieval of common tools is also built. Finally, the challenges and future development of effect prediction were discussed.