Liquid biopsy of exosome markers for molecular diagnosis of genitourinary cancer

Currently, the diagnosis of genitourinary cancer depends on medical images and/or biological exams combined with tissue biopsy. This method for diagnosis is expensive, painful, and invasive. Liquid biopsies obtained from bodily fluids like blood and urine are less invasive and more easily repeatable. Exosome is a recent hot topic as a source of liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsies by exosome markers have the potential to change the nature of diagnostic mode of genitourinary cancer. In this chapter, we focus on exosome application in the field of molecular diagnosis for kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer. First, we describe the basic knowledge of exosome. Next, we present current liquid biopsy of exosome technologies. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of liquid biopsy of exosome markers in advancing the diagnosis in genitourinary cancers. We believe that liquid biopsies of exosome markers will facilitate the precision for the management of genitourinary cancer.