Gender differences in the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease

AbstractBackgroundIt is generally recognized that Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects males more commonly than females. The reasons for the difference in PD prevalence by gender remain unclear.MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we updated previous work by searching MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and OVID for articles reporting PD prevalence for both genders between 2011-2021. We calculated overall male/female prevalence ratios (OPR) and investigated heterogeneity in effect estimates.Results19 new and 13 previous articles were included. The OPR was 1.18, 95% CI [1.03, 1.36]. The OPR was lowest in Asia and appeared to be decreasing over time. Study design, national wealth, and participant age did not explain heterogeneity in OPR.ConclusionGender differences in PD prevalence may not be as stark as previously thought, but still remain. Studies are needed to understand the role of genetic, environmental, and societal determinants of gender differences in prevalence.