Vitamins

This chapter deals with vitamins in the nutrition of aquatic animals. Water-soluble vitamins (eight vitamin B complex, vitamin C, inositol, and choline), the four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), and two vitamin-like substances (lipoic acid and astaxanthin) are covered. Their chemical structures, nutritional functions, deficiency symptoms, and requirements of aquatic animals are presented in detail. The main sources and stability of various vitamins in aquafeeds, as well as the methodology for studies on vitamin nutrition in aquatic animals are also reported. The possible interactions between vitamins and other nutrients are extensively discussed.