Tripartite evolutionary game analysis of supply chain low-carbon transformation considering the coupling of carbon tax and subsidy regulations

Considering the coupling of the differential carbon tax and subsidy policies, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model. Then the factors influencing the behavior of each party are analyzed. Results show that the increasing rate of manufacturer income and retailer income when taking low-carbon strategy can affect their enthusiasm to adopt low-carbon behavior. In terms of the external regulation, the combination of differential carbon tax policy and subsidy policy can effectively restrain manufacturer's free-riding behavior and encourage the manufacturer to complete the low-carbon transformation. However, such policy combination has poor supervision effect on retailer's free-riding behavior.