Trace Sc³⁺-electrolyte additive enabling stable Zn metal anodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Trace Sc3+ additive (1.0 mol%) is shown to greatly improve the Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of Zn metal anodes in aqueous ZnSO4 electrolyte due to the decreased nucleation overpotential and increased kinetics for Zn plating/stripping. Both Zn parallel to Zn and Zn parallel to V2O5 cells show enhanced cycling stability and rate capability in the Sc3+-modified electrolyte.