Runtime Monitoring for Systems of System A Closer Look on Opportunities for Manufacturers in the Context of Industry 4.0

Software-intensive systems in general and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in particular have drawn considerable attention from both industry and academia in recent years, with companies increasingly adopting Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). Regardless of the domain in which these systems are deployed, what they have in common is a shift from traditional software engineering principles towards a development process where software, hardware, and human actors controlling these systems are deeply interwoven and dependent upon each other. To ensure safe operation, it is crucial that an SoS complies with its requirements. Engineers and maintenance personnel must monitor if and how the SoS meets its requirements at runtime, e.g., to correctly verify timing behavior, or measure performance and resource consumption. In this chapter, we provide a brief introduction to SoS and CPPS, and investigate runtime monitoring from two different angles. First, we discuss requirements and challenges from the machine vendor's perspective. Second, we focus on the customer itself, i.e., typically a shop floor owner who has to combine a multitude of different components, both machinery and software systems for her production system. Finally, we discuss potential applications and benefits of runtime monitoring and provide an outlook presenting current research lines in SoS monitoring.