Carbon Dot-Based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Systems for Biomedical, Sensing, and Imaging Applications

Carbon dots (CDs) emerge as a potential group of photo-luminescent nano-materials due to their excellent optical, electrical, and chemical properties, as well as their competence in a wide range of environmental applications. CDs have unique and appealing properties such as excellent stability, low toxicity, water solubility, and derivability. When coupled with CDs, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) results in the development of highly sensitive ratiometric fluorescence sensor probes with potential applications in bio-imaging, metal sensing, membrane dynamics, and environmental sensing. In this review, the progress and recent developments in CDs based FRET systems utilized for various environmental applications are conferred. An in-depth description is provided regarding the numerous donor/acceptor systems which when integrated with CDs generate efficient FRET systems. The review enables researchers to identify and develop specific systems which can be utilized to generate a FRET pair with potential physico-chemical properties that aid the development of the same for various applications. Carbon dots (CDs) garner attention as promising photo-luminescent nano-materials with exceptional optical, electrical, and chemical properties. Their unique attributes, including stability, low toxicity, and water solubility make them ideal candidates for diverse environmental applications. This review explores the progress in CDs-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) systems, showcasing their potential in bio-imaging, metal sensing, membrane dynamics, and environmental monitoring. image