Optimization of heating temperature on the growth of manganese sulfide nanosheets binder-free electrode for supercapattery

Supercapattery has emerged as one of the possibilities in the electrochemical energy storage system as a consequence of the expansion of technological advancement and the electrical vehicle sector. Manganese sulfide (MnS) nanoflakes were produced by hydrothermal technique at various heating temperatures (100, 110, 120, and 130 degrees C). The existence of MnS is revealed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractogram, and alpha- and gamma-MnS crystals were effectively grown on a nickel (Ni) foam. MnS nanoflakes were seen under a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The crystalline structure of MnS nanoflakes is susceptible to variation depending on the heating temperature, and at 120 degrees C, MnS produced nanoflakes with additional wrinkles. Through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, the thermal and physical adsorption investigations demonstrated the high total surface area and thermal stability of MnS electrodes. The findings of BET studies demonstrate that MnS-120 has the highest surface BET (SBET) and the smallest pore size distribution (PSD), which later increases the total surface area of MnS nanoflakes for an effective energy storage mechanism. MnS is structurally stable below 200 degrees C, according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). MnS-120 electrode has a maximum specific capacity of 1003.5 C/g at 5 A/g and a 49% rate capability. Supercapattery devices were created in a MnS-120//activated carbon (AC) configuration to assess the real-time performance of the material. The MnS-120//AC demonstrated better efficiency by offering a specific energy of 69.24 Wh/kg at 2953 W/kg. The life cycle test confirmed that MnS-120//AC is stable with a capacity retention value of 96% after 4000 cycles.