Protocol for fabrication of Pt/RuO2/graphene bifunctional oxygen catalyst in Li-O2 batteries

The commercial mass production of bifunctional oxygen catalysts with high activity and stability is critical for constructing high-performance lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries, but remains challenging. Herein, we describe a protocol for the scalable fabrication of a 2D bifunctional electrocatalyst of Pt/RuO2/graphene by spatial confinement strategy and elaborately evaluate its oxygen reduction/evo-lution reactions for advanced Li-O2 batteries. We then detail the synthesis steps for preparing materials followed by assembly and evaluation of the three -elec-trode systems and coin-type Li-O2 batteries. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al. (2023).1