An integrated slot allocation model for time-space-dimensional noise reduction

Many airports face challenges with slot scheduling and noise pollution. While previous research has focused on optimizing slot allocation to mitigate noise in the temporal dimension through schedule displacement, little attention has been given to the spatial dimension. This paper expands the environmental benefits analysis of slot allocation from the temporal dimension to the temporal-spatial dimension. To this end, we develop a single-airport bi-objective slot allocation model that considers schedule efficiency and noise reduction through schedule displacement (temporal dimension) and takeoff direction changes (spatial dimension). Then, we compare the efficacy of takeoff direction changes for noise reduction with that of schedule displacement. Additionally, we investigate the effects of takeoff direction changes on schedule displacement. Results show that takeoff direction changes are more effective than schedule displacement for noise abatement at Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport. Moreover, takeoff direction changes can influence slot displacement allocated to each airline due to fairness considerations.