Workers' voice from the triangular employment relationship lens: towards a conceptual framework

Purpose This paper examines the circumstantial state of mediated work to develop a conceptual framework exemplifying the determinants of voice of workers in triangular employment relationships. These workers are in work context involving two or more firms - agency/platform and clients/client firms.Design/methodology/approach Paralleling employee voice research in the triangular employment relationship context, the authors theorised the influencing forces at four levels to propose 12 distinct antecedents of triangular workers' voice. External level (2) - legal employer ambiguity and legal regulation and protection; employment context level (3) - availability and presence, assignment duration and autonomy; firm level (3) - institutional complexity, cost and control and governance structure conflicts; individual level (4) - perceived relative equity, voice skill, self-identity and transition opportunity.Findings The triangular workers' voice determinants framework provides a comprehensive outlook on how the external, employment context, firm and individual forces influence voice of workers in triangular employment relationships.Research limitations/implications Emanating from the framework are propositions that can be empirically tested for validation. Hence, as with conceptual papers, this paper is limited by non-empirical testing.Practical implications Managers of workers in these employment relationships should be cognizant of the different levels of forces that can influence their voice.Originality/value This paper contributes to the employee voice literature by presenting a four-level framework that demonstrate a holistic view of how triangular workers' voice is influenced.