Different strategies in Indus agriculture: the goals and outcomes of farming choices

Climate change is often cited in the 'collapse' of complex societies and linked to agricultural resilience or lack thereof. In this article, the authors consider how demand affected agricultural strategies as farmers navigated the transformations of the Late Harappan phase (c. 1900-1700 BC) of the Indus tradition. Through the modelling of monocropping/multicropping, low/high yield crops, and supply-driven versus flexible production, various economic, environmental and social demands are explored with reference to the choices of farmers and how these decisions differed regionally, and how they impacted the wider Late Harappan de-urbanisation process. The authors' archaeobotanical perspective on the Indus contributes to wider understanding of how urban societies and their agricultural bases change over time.