An updated review of the African multipurpose tree species Detarium senegalense J.F.Gmel. (Fabaceae)

Detarium senegalense J.F.Gmel. is a woody legume tree species native of Africa. It holds a wide spectrum of medicinal, nutritional, socio-ecological, and economic benefits. However, the growing regional trade around its fruits makes it a threatened and priority species for conservation. The current study was carried out to systematically review and document findings on the multiple benefits of D. senegalense and identify gaps and research avenues to sustain its uses and prevent its extirpation from natural ecosystems. Information related to the taxonomy, botanical description, distribution, ecology, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities was systematically collected using relevant keywords in various online databases (PROTA4U, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer Online, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, and Research Gate) and books. A total of 104 papers from 1789 to 2021 were included in our review of which most (53%) focused on biochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional uses. The remaining scientific studies were found on ecology and distribution, population structure, germination, nutrient, and economical aspects. The main bioactive components namely alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenes (monoterpenes, triterpenoids, and sesquiterpenes), steroids, saponins, fatty acids, xyloglucanes, phenols, cyanogen glycoside, leucine, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were isolated from the different parts (stem bark, pulp of fruit, and seed) of the species. These compounds and extracts isolated show a wide range of protective activities including antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-diarrheal. Fruits are a potent source of Vitamin C, and its content is 29, 12, 7 and 5 times that of orange, zest of lemon, guava, and baobab pulps, respectively. Unfortunately, some forms of the species fruits are toxic due to the presence of a cyanogenic glycoside derivative. Phytochemical and ethnopharmacological backgrounds of the species suggest potential usages as healthy foods and food supplements. However, due to the existing toxic forms, important care should be emphasized to ensure the safety and effective use of derived products of the species. Nevertheless, more investigations are still needed to properly engage the domestication process of the species in order to ensure its sustainable use.