A 3D Printed, Multicolor, Drillable Simulation System for Skull Base Drilling with Direct, Objective Real-Time Feedback

Background: Neurosurgical anatomy is classically learned through the combination of textbooks and atlases, intraoperative apprenticeship, and cadaveric dissection. Although laboratory dissection is potentially a very high-yield pedagogical tool, it is limited by the need for a dedicated space, access to tissue, funding, and other parameters. Correspondingly, a substantial need has emerged for alternative simulation systems that are lower-cost, less resource-intensive, and not dependent on human tissue.