The effect of non-metals (O, F) dopant on the electronic structure, Dirac cone, and optical characteristics of graphene sheets applicable for gas sensing

In order to gain a systematic comprehension of the impacts of low-level defects in graphene, ab-initio calculations were performed on monolayer graphene sheets to examine how oxygen and fluorine substitutional impurities affect their energetic stability, electronic and optical characteristics. The optimal configurations, structural stability, electronic band structures, spatial charge density, and optical spectra of graphene singlelayer materials doped with oxygen and fluorine atoms are investigated. The fluorine-doped graphene, therefore, showed a lower formation energy than its oxygen-doped counterpart. Additionally, F-doped graphene shows a higher charge density around the fluorine atom than O-doped graphene. Based on band structure analysis, the lower conduction bands of graphene sheets shift below the Fermi state (EF) when two O or F impurities are substituted into it. With two O/F impurity atoms doped into graphene, the conduction states are farther displaced below the EF, resulting in n-type behavior. Consequently, altering graphene structure via an O/ F-substituting scheme results from the disruption of the Dirac cone near EF, which has become flat along the high symmetry point (K-point) in the Brillouin zone. Furthermore, the substitution of graphene sheets via O or F impurities exhibit markedly modified optical spectra and refractive indices at low photon energies. As a result, with one or two O/F impurity elements inserted into graphene sheets, the reflectivity and optical conductivity spectra differ at the lowest electromagnetic radiation ranges. Additionally, the electron energy loss functions as well as X-ray absorption spectra of clean and doped graphene monolayers revealed spectral variations at a moderate energy span. These investigations surmise that novel chemical modifications to graphene sheets doped with light non-metallic elements (O/F) may offer the opportunity to tailor their optical characteristics in the infrared spectrum, which may be beneficial in sensor and electrocatalyst uses.