<p>Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of <em>Teucrium muscatense</em></p>

The effect of enzyme inhibition, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidants activities of the extracts of Teucrium muscatense obtained with different organic solvents was investigated. Chloroform fraction exhibited promising inhibition (64%) with IC₅₀ value (390 ± 2.0 μg/mL) against urease, while other fractions displayed moderate activity. In case of α-glucosidase and acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibition assays, all fractions were found inactive at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The n-hexane fraction of Teucrium muscatense exhibited highest anticancer activity against breast cancer cell (MDAMB231) line at high (100 µg/mL) concentration and also inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum up to 64.3% in case of antifungal activity. EtOAc fraction showed highiest DPPH (70.6%) and ABTS (76.7%) radical scavenging activity at highest concentration (1000 μg/mL). Bioassay guided isolation of EtOAc fraction afforded two flavonoids (1 and 2). Both compounds showed highiest ABTS activity and could be a significant markers in the EtOAc fraction. Anti-lipid peroxidation assay was also performed in which aqueous fraction showed highest percentage of 73.2% at higher concentration (1000 μg/mL) followed by n-BuOH (64.1%) and EtOAc (51.4%) fractions. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of T. mascatense showed higher percentage of linalool (34.18%), limonene (13.45%), linalyl acetate (10.04%), and β-eudesmol (9.21%). Proximate composition of Teucrium muscatense showed that it contained high amount of ash (19.6%), protein (10.3%), and fiber (17.5%).