Changes in surface hydrography of the western equatorial Indian Ocean during the Pleistocene: Implications for East African climate variability

Surface and subsurface dynamics of the western equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO) significantly impacted the East African climate, and played an important role in hominin evolution and dispersal. Planktic foraminiferal abundance and stable isotope data from Site 241, helped to ascertain cool subsurface and thermocline shoaling in the WEIO along with a strong zonal subsurface delta O-18 gradient in the equatorial Indian Ocean between 2.3 and 0.4 Ma. This east-west contrast in the Indian Ocean triggered an intensification of the equatorial westerlies, which enhanced the subsidence of air convection over the WEIO and hampered moisture transport to East Africa, thus expansion of C-4 grassland during the Pleistocene. The intensification of the East African monsoon was governed by positive wind-evaporation feedback during similar to 1.9-1.7 Ma, 1.2-0.9 Ma, and 0.14-0.09 Ma, where increasing wind intensity of Findlater Jet enhanced the evaporation over WEIO. The wind-evaporation feedback drove short-lived wet-dry phases that influenced hominin speciation, adaptation, and dispersal.