Fast simulation of pharmacokinetics

Fast simulation of linear time-invariant (LTI) pharmacokinetic (PK) models is crucial to mixed-effect modeling techniques, used extensively in pharmacological research and development. The by far most common LTI PK models are particularly structured compartmental systems with one, two or three compartments. Here we develop and demonstrate very efficient, and down to machine precision exact, simulators for those structures. Our proposed method is benchmarked against state-of-the art software for simulation of linear systems, using a clinically relevant data set.