Bioinspired multiphase composite gel materials: From controlled micro-phase separation to multiple functionalities

Phase separation in living organisms is essential for the execution of biological functions, for example, the formation of membrane-less organelles and the functionalization of extracellular matrix proteins. In synthetic soft matter, gels have similarities to biological tissues due to their wet/soft properties and good biocompatibility. However, conventional gels with homogeneous networks are mechanically intolerant and unstable in solvent, which restricts their applications in various fields. Inspired by protein phase transitions of cellular pro-cesses in organisms, micro-phase separation is introduced into gel networks and devolved a series of robust functionalities gel mate-rials. In this review, the critical design criteria and fabrication strate-gies of gel materials with micro-phase separation are summarized. Then, the multiple functionalities of these materials are systemically reviewed, including surface engineering, mechanical properties, shape memory, and sensor properties. Furthermore, we explore the current challenges and prospects in bioinspired micro-phase -separated gelfield.