Graphene Nanoplatelet Surface Modification for Rheological Properties Enhancement in Drilling Fluid Operations: A Review

Drilling fluids are crucial for the safe and effective extraction of hydrocarbons from deep petroleum reserves. Lubricating, suspending, and conveying drilled cuttings to the surface are some of the functions of drilling fluids. Their performance depends on lubricity, fluid loss (FL) control, and rheology. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged in the oil and gas industry as an efficient fluid additive to modify and stabilize the properties of drilling fluids. NPs are thermally, chemically, and physically stable in drilling fluids; however, field data show they are inefficient at reducing drill string wear. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are now a useful drilling fluid agent because of their small particles with high specific surface area, good dispersion, high thermal and electrical stability, and their ability to lower stress and wear on the drill string. Thus, this study examined GNPs in drilling fluids, including surface modification methods and their effects on rheology, FL management, and lubricity. The unique properties of GNPs that make them a potential game-changer in drilling fluid are highlighted. The techniques used to modify GNP surfaces to improve drilling fluid compatibility, stability, and dispersion were also addressed. The broad study of laboratory GNP-modified drilling fluids is the central focus of this review. A scrutiny of the mechanisms by which GNPs influence the rheological behavior of drilling fluids and their impact on drilling efficiency and wellbore stability was also highlighted. Beyond laboratory tests, GNP's real-world applications and commercialization possibilities were examined, taking economic and environmental considerations into account. Comparative examination of methods and results helps optimize GNP-enhanced drilling fluids. Small concentrations of GNPs (0.1-2.5 g) increased the base fluid lubricity and rheology. They also reduced the FL by 40-89%. Due to hydroxyl groups on clay surfaces, GNP has a strong affinity for organophilic clays. The challenges and limitations of GNP-modified drilling fluids were highlighted, along with future research directions. Finally, using GNPs as a fluid modification agent may improve drilling fluid lubricity, FL control, and rheology. These attributes will improve oil and gas drilling safety and efficiency. This review consolidates information and lays the groundwork for this growing field's study and innovation.