Identification of Bioactive Phytocytokines Using Transcriptomic Data and Plant Bioassays.

Plant genomes contain thousands of short open reading frames that encode putative peptides. Some of these peptides play important signaling roles in response to environmental stress. Here we describe a pipeline used to identify the CTNIP/SMALL PHYTOCYTOKINES REGULATING DEFENSE AND WATER LOSS (SCREW) family of phytocytokines, based upon their transcriptional upregulation during biotic stress. Moreover, we describe approaches to assay their activity in planta by measuring increases in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, reactive oxygen species production, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.