Chronic endometritis incidence in infertile women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: a propensity score matched study

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known to be associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and endometrial dysfunction. Chronic endometritis (CE) is a type of local inflammation that can contribute to endometrial dysfunction in infertile women. Some clinicians recommend screening for CE in women at high risk, such as those with endometrial polyps. However, it is still uncertain whether there is a relationship between PCOS and CE, as well as whether women with PCOS require enhanced screening for CE. This study was to assess the incidence of CE among infertile women with PCOS by hysteroscopy combined with histopathology CD138 immunohistochemical staining of endometrium. Methods A total of 205 patients in the PCOS group and 4021 patients in the non-PCOS group from July 2017 to August 2022 were included in this retrospective study. After nearest-neighbor 1:4 propensity score matching (PSM), 189 PCOS patients were matched with 697 non-PCOS patients. Basic information was recorded. The CE incidence was compared. The risk factors affecting CE incidence were also analyzed. Results No significantly higher CE incidence in infertile women with PCOS were found either in total analysis or after PSM ( P = 0.969; P = 0.697; respectively). Similar results were discovered in the subgroup of Body Mass Index (BMI) ( P = 0.301; P = 0.671; P = 0.427; respectively) as well as the four PCOS phenotypes ( P = 0.157). Intriguingly, the incidence of CE increased as BMI increased in the PCOS group, even though no significant differences were found ( P = 0.263). Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, infertility duration, infertility type, PCOS, and obesity were not the independent risk factors affecting CE incidence. Conclusion The incidence of CE in PCOS patients did not significantly increase compared to non-PCOS patients. Similarly, no significant differences in the incidence of CE were observed among different PCOS phenotypes. The current evidence does not substantiate the need for widespread CE screening among PCOS women, potentially mitigating the undue financial and emotional strain associated with such screenings.