Epidermal–dermal coupled spheroids are important for tissue pattern regeneration in reconstituted skin explant cultures

Tissue patterning is critical for the development and regeneration of organs. To advance the use of engineered reconstituted skin organs, we study cardinal features important for tissue patterning and hair regeneration. We find they spontaneously form spheroid configurations, with polarized epidermal cells coupled with dermal cells through a newly formed basement membrane. Functionally, the spheroid becomes competent morphogenetic units (CMU) that promote regeneration of tissue patterns. The emergence of new cell types and molecular interactions during CMU formation was analyzed using scRNA-sequencing. Surprisingly, in newborn skin explants, IFNr signaling can induce apical-basal polarity in epidermal cell aggregates. Dermal-Tgfb induces basement membrane formation. Meanwhile, VEGF signaling mediates dermal cell attachment to the epidermal cyst shell, thus forming a CMU. Adult mouse and human fetal scalp cells fail to form a CMU but can be restored by adding IFNr or VEGF to achieve hair regeneration. We find different multi-cellular configurations and molecular pathways are used to achieve morphogenetic competence in developing skin, wound-induced hair neogenesis, and reconstituted explant cultures. Thus, multiple paths can be used to achieve tissue patterning. These insights encourage more studies of “in vitro morphogenesis” which may provide novel strategies to enhance regeneration.